Ngo-1873, isazi sezibalo saseBritani uMaxwell sashwankathela i-equation ye-electromagnetic field - Maxwell equation.I-equation ibonisa ukuba: intlawulo yombane inokuvelisa intsimi yombane, yangoku inokuvelisa intsimi yamagnetic, kwaye intsimi yombane eguqukayo inokuvelisa intsimi yamagnetic, kunye nokutshintsha kwemagnethi kunokuvelisa intsimi yombane, eqikelela ubukho be-electromagnetic wave.
Kwiminyaka elishumi elinesine kamva, ngo-1887, ingcali yefiziksi yaseJamani uHeinrich Hertz wayila i-eriyali yokuqala yokuvavanya ubukho bamaza ombane.Unxibelelwano olungenazingcingo lwaqala ngo-1901 xa ingcali yefiziksi yaseItali uGulimo Marconi yasebenzisa i-eriyali enkulu ukunxibelelana phezu kweelwandle.
Umsebenzi osisiseko we-eriyali: Isetyenziselwa ukuguqula amandla akhoyo (okanye amaza akhokelwayo) abe ngamaza onomathotholo kwaye awadlulisele esithubeni ngokokusasazwa okumiselweyo.Xa isetyenziselwa ukwamkela, iguqula amaza kanomathotholo ukusuka esithubeni ukuya kumaza ombane aphezulu (okanye amaza akhokelwayo).
Ke ngoko, i-eriyali inokuthathwa njengesixhobo sokuguqula i-wave wave kunye ne-radiation wave, sisixhobo sokuguqula amandla.
Ukuzuza kwe-antenna
Uphawu olubalulekileyo lwe-antenna, oluzimeleyo ukuba lusetyenziselwa ukuthumela okanye ukufumana, kukufumana i-antenna.
Eminye imithombo ye-eriyali ikhupha amandla ngokulinganayo kuwo onke amacala, kwaye olu hlobo lwemitha yokusasazeka lubizwa ngokuba yimitha ye-isotropic.Kufana nelanga elikhupha amandla macala onke.Kumgama omiselweyo, amandla elanga alinganiswe kuyo nayiphi na i-Angle aya kufana ngokufanayo.Ngoko ke, ilanga lithathwa njenge-radiator ye-isotropic.
Zonke ezinye ii-eriyali zinenzuzo echaseneyo neradiyetha ye-isotropic.Ezinye ii-eriyali ziya kwicala, oko kukuthi, amandla amaninzi athunyelwa kwamanye amacala kunakwamanye.Umlinganiselo phakathi kwamandla asasaza kula macala kunye namandla i-eriyali engayisasaziyo kwicala eliya ngakulo ibizwa ngokuba yinzuzo.Xa i-eriyali ethumelayo enenzuzo ethile isetyenziswa njenge-eriyali yokufumana, iya kuba nenzuzo efanayo yokufumana.
Ipateni ye-antenna
Uninzi lwee-eriyali zikhupha imitha yemitha engaphezulu kwelinye icala kunakwelinye, kwaye imitha efana nale ibizwa ngokuba yi-anisotropic radiation.
I-Directivity ye-eriyali ibhekisa kubudlelwane phakathi kwexabiso elihambelanayo lendawo yemitha ye-eriyali kunye nesalathiso sesithuba phantsi komgama ofanayo kwindawo ekude.Amandla entsimi ekude ye-eriyali inokubonakaliswa njenge
Kuphi, umsebenzi wesalathiso, ozimeleyo kumgama kunye ne-eriyali yangoku;Ngaba i-azimuth i-Angle kunye ne-pitch angle ngokulandelelanayo;Linani lamaza kwaye bubude obungamaza.
Umsebenzi wesalathiso umelwe ngokomzobo njengegrafu eyalathayo ye-eriyali.Ukuze kuququzelelwe umzobo wendiza, umzobo jikelele weendlela ezimbini zendiza ye-orthogonal.
Ipateni ye-eriyali ngumboniso womzobo wokusasazwa kwe-eriyali yombane.Ngokuxhomekeke kwisicelo, ii-eriyali kufuneka zifumane kuphela imiqondiso kwicala elinye hayi kwezinye (umzekelo, i-eriyali ye-TV, i-eriyali yerada), kwelinye icala, ii-eriyali zemoto kufuneka zikwazi ukufumana imiqondiso kuzo zonke iindlela ezinokubakho zokuhambisa.
Ulwalathiso olufunwayo lufezekiswa ngomatshini ojoliswe kuwo kunye nesakhiwo sombane se-antenna.I-Directivity ibonisa ukufumana okanye ukuhambisa umphumo we-eriyali kwicala elithile.
Iindidi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zemizobo zinokusetyenziselwa ukucwangcisa ubume be-eriyali-i-cartesian kunye ne-polar coordinates.Kwigrafu ye-polar, inqaku liqikelelwa kwinqwelo-moya yokulungelelanisa kunye ne-axis yokujikeleza (i-radius), kwaye igrafu ye-polar yemitha ilinganiswa.Njengoko kuboniswe kumfanekiso ongezantsi.
Ukuba ixabiso eliphezulu legrafu yokuqhelaniswa nendawo lilingana no-1, igrafu yokuqhelanisa ibizwa ngokuba yigrafu yokuqhelanisa eqhelekileyo, kwaye umsebenzi wokuqhelanisa ohambelanayo ubizwa ngokuba ngumsebenzi wokuqhelanisa oqhelekileyo.I-Emax bubunzulu bentsimi yombane kwicala lemitha yemitha ephezulu, ngelixa intsimi yombane inamandla kwicala lomgama ofanayo.
Umzobo wesalathiso wobudlelwane phakathi koxinaniso lwamandla kunye necala lemitha yemitha ibizwa ngokuba yidayagram yolwalathiso lwamandla.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-14-2023
